There are over 3,000 known mineral species in nature, with approximately 200 being common. Among them, silicate minerals account for 90% of the Earth’s crust, and there are also important mineral groups such as native elements, sulfides, and oxides.
Minerals have a wide range of industrial applications: salts, borates, etc., serve as chemical raw materials; limestone and fluorite aid in steelmaking; graphite and magnesite are used in metallurgy; phosphides are key raw materials for chemical fertilizers; additionally, minerals are applied in pottery making, grinding, oil well drilling, and other fields.
When adding non-metallic powder fillers such as calcium carbonate and kaolin to polymers and composite materials like plastics and rubber, surface modification of the fillers is necessary. This modification enhances their compatibility and dispersibility with the matrix, as well as the mechanical strength and comprehensive performance of the materials.








